L'occupation Américaine d'Haiti by Suzy Castor

The resulting demand for an idea of a liberated Haiti became a cornerstone of the anticapitalist, anticolonial, and antiracist radical black internationalism that flourished between World War I and World War II. Du Bois and other black activists and intellectuals who had long grappled with the meaning of Haitian independence. When the United States military occupied Haiti in 1915, it created a crisis for W. They considered Haiti an uncertain experiment in black self-governance: it might succeed and vindicate the capabilities of African Americans demanding their own right to self-determination, or it might fail and condemn the black diasporic population to second-class status for the foreseeable future. Influenced by the imperialist rhetoric of their day, many African Americans across the political spectrum espoused a politics of racial uplift, taking responsibility for the 'improvement' of Haitian education, politics, culture, and society. While a number of African American leaders defended the sovereignty of a black republic whose fate they saw as intertwined with their own, others expressed concern over Haiti's fitness as a model black republic, scrutinizing whether the nation truly reflected the 'civilized' progress of the black race. They celebrated its diplomatic recognition by the United States and the renewed relevance of the Haitian Revolution. Following emancipation, African American leaders of all kinds-politicians, journalists, ministers, writers, educators, artists, and diplomats-identified new and urgent connections with Haiti, a nation long understood as an example of black self-determination. Byrd explores the ambivalent attitudes that African American leaders in the post-Civil War era held toward Haiti, the first and only black republic in the Western Hemisphere.

L'occupation Américaine d'Haiti by Suzy Castor